Both the “clusters” and “innovation systems” concepts can be defined in various ways, and may be viewed to differ in their scope in different ways. Which can be considered the broader concept, which is the more precise, which is the more operational one? Why?
In which ways could the concepts be viewed as overlapping, or embracing each other? Should they be defined more clearly, or is it useful to have several “fussy” concepts, to apply whenever fashionable? Are they just words without significance, or what is the key complementary value of these two concepts?
The two concepts tend to be professed by different people, different interest groups. Often these take the shape of rivalling schools of thought. Is it true that friends of the former have better understanding of markets and private sector initiatives, and the latter tend to come from more of a research and supply side angle? Should proponents of these two schools join forces or rather compete in a struggle for communicating the best set of insights and advice? What do the pros and cons in regard to such co-operation vs. competition look like in different countries, or under different circumstances?
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